An estimated 25 million U.S. companies will need to file a
beneficial ownership report with FinCEN under the Corporate Transparency Act
("CTA").
The beneficial ownership report will need to contain the full legal name, residential address, date of birth and a unique identifying number (such as a drivers license or passport) along with a copy of the document that contains the unique identifying number for each "beneficial owner" of the company and each "company applicant."
The initial rush of 25 million companies and tens of millions of individual beneficial owners, to prepare and file these reports with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (or "FinCEN") will be a massive undertaking. Companies and their attorneys will need to obtain specialized information systems in order to collect and compile these reports and retain evidence of compliance.
When a company files a petition in bankruptcy with a U.S.
Bankruptcy Court the court issues a "stay" order that prevents creditors
from foreclosing on company assets and that also puts the company under the
control of a "trustee". For as long as the case continues the company may
not take any significant action without the approval of the trustee or the
court.
Since the purpose of the CTA is to create a database that discloses who is in control of U.S. companies, a reporting company that files a petition in bankruptcy should amend its beneficial ownership report to provide FinCEN with notice of the change in control of the company. FinCEN has not yet finalized its regulations, so we do not yet have a form for filing this kind of notice, but presumably FinCEN will provide a template for this kind of amendment.
2. Receivership
There are different kinds of receivership, but most involve a court issuing an order that puts an individual "receive" in charge of a company and its assets, under the court's supervision. Courts sometimes impose a receivership on a company where there is a dispute among its owners regarding who should be in control, when a government regulator charges the company with ongoing criminal activity, or as a consequence of insolvency, if a creditor petitions a court to take control of the company to preserve its assets to satisfy the creditor's claims.
The CTA requires companies to file an amendment whenever an
item of previously-reported information changes. If an individual who was
covered in a beneficial ownership report should die, become disabled or become
subject to the order of a bankruptcy court that requires the individual to
dispose of their shares in the company, those events would represent a change.
A deceased beneficial owner no longer "counts" for purposes of the CTA (and an individual who receives shares in a company through a testamentary transfer will often be exempt from CTA reporting). As a result, a reporting company should report the passing of a beneficial ownership who was covered by a prior report.
Individuals who are disabled so that they no longer have legal control over their own affairs, often have their assets administered under a power of attorney, a trustee or custodian. While individuals who control an interest in a company as a trustee or custodian are often exempt from CTA reporting, the change in control from the disabled beneficial owner to the trustee or custodian is the kind of change that should be reported in an amendment to a beneficial ownership report with FinCEN.
In divorce proceedings, the court may sometimes order a spouse to dispose of assets (such as shares in a company) to a former spouse. Such a transfer could result in a new beneficial owner (i.e. the former spouse) whose identity must now be covered in an amendment to the beneficial ownership report. Depending on the circumstances, if the transfer caused the original beneficial holder to cease to satisfy the definition of "beneficial owner" the company would file an amendment to report that change as well.
There are limitless other circumstances that might result in a change in "substantial control." Previous blog posts have covered the definition of "beneficial owner" and how an individual becomes a beneficial owner because they exercise "substantial control." An individual may have substantial control because they are an officer or director of a corporation, or because they have the power to influence the affairs of the company or its decision-making.
In the same way that company governance documents (like an
LLC Operating Agreement or a corporate Shareholders Agreement) can create
substantial control for an individual, revisions to those documents may eliminate
substantial control as well.
Any change to company governance documents have the
potential to trigger an amendment to the company's beneficial ownership
report. Such changes may create new beneficial owners (by giving
substantial control to persons who lacked it before) or may eliminate persons
as beneficial owners (by taking away the substantial control that previously
caused them to be beneficial owners).
The key take-ways from this discussion are that companies and their counsel are going to have to be alert to circumstances that create a duty to amend a company's beneficial ownership report. Reporting companies will have only 30 calendar days to file an amendment after a material event occurs that changes an item of previously-report information. Failing to file an amendment on time carries with it a $500 per day fine. A willful failure to file (or a willful filing of inaccurate information) can be a felony that carries substantial fines and possible imprisonment.
The duty to file an amendment to a beneficial ownership report is a heavy one that will require many lawyers and their clients to learn new ways of managing their corporate business.
About The Author
Jonathan Wilson is the co-founder of FinCEN Report Company with 31 years of experience in corporate, M&A and securities matters. He is the author of The Corporate Transparency Act Compliance Guide (to be published by Lexis Nexis in the summer of 2023) and the Lexis Practical Guidance Practice Note on the Corporate Transparency Act.